Confocal imaging system

ABSTRACT

A confocal scanning microscope operates to produce a small (preferably diffraction limited) spot on a sample, scan the spot over the sample in a raster pattern, and form an electrical signal corresponding to the intensity of light emanating from the region of the spot. The electrical signal is communicated to a computer which produces a visual display on a monitor. The optical train between the source (or detector) and the sample comprises first and second scanning elements, each operable to scan the beam in a different direction, an afocal assembly located between the two scanning elements so as to transfer the beam from the first scanning element to the second scanning element, and standard microscope components including an objective. The light emanating from the sample encounters the objective, the scanning elements, and the afocal assembly prior to reaching the detector. An aperture is disposed in front of the detector and blocks any light that emanated from points spatially displaced from the beam spot. The use of an afocal assembly in the optical train thus allows the elimination of pinhole spatial filters from the design.

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 464,577, filed Jan. 16, 1990, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 179,681, filed Apr. 11, 1988, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to confocal microscopy and more specifically to apparatus for providing a conventional microscope with confocal scanning capability.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fluorescence light microscopy is extensively used in biological research and medical diagnosis. It provides the selectivity necessary to enable specific components of a cell or tissue to be visualized and the spatial organization of such components to be determined. A major problem of the technique is that light emission from out-of-focus regions seriously degrades the signal-to-noise ratio of the image, especially when thick objects are viewed. Confocal microscopy addresses and to a large extent solves this problem. In a confocal microscope, both illumination and detection are confined to a single point in the sample. This is achieved typically by using spatial filters (usually pinholes) in the optical paths of the objective and condenser. A complete image is built up by sequentially scanning all points in the field of view.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a confocal scanning microscope characterized by superior resolution and rejection of out-of-focus signals. The optical train and scanning elements are disposed so that the invention can be implemented as an accessory suitable for retrofitting an existing standard microscope.

In broad terms, the microscope operates to produce a small (preferably diffraction limited) spot on a sample, scan the spot over the sample in a raster pattern, and form an electrical signal corresponding to the intensity of light emanating from the region of the spot. The electrical signal is communicated to a computer which produces a visual display on a monitor. The optical train between the source (or detector) and the sample comprises first and second scanning elements, each operable to scan the beam in a different direction, an afocal assembly located between the two scanning elements so as to transfer the beam from the first scanning element to the second scanning element, and standard microscope components including an objective. The two directions of scanning are such that the beam spot traces a raster pattern on the sample. In a preferred embodiment, the scanning elements are plane mirrors and the afocal assembly is a pair of concave mirrors.

The light emanating from the sample encounters the objective, the scanning elements, and the afocal assembly prior to reaching the detector. An aperture (preferably an iris diaphragm) is disposed in front of the detector and blocks any light that emanated from points spatially displaced from the beam spot. The use of an afocal assembly in the optical train and the absence of other focusing elements in the optical train thus allow the elimination of pinhole spatial filters and the use of iris diaphragms. Iris diaphragms have the advantages of being adjustable and relatively inexpensive and easy to align.

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention can be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a confocal microscope embodying the present invention; and

FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional optical schematic of the confocal microscope; and

FIG. 3 is a plan schematic view of the scanning optics assembly.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a confocal scanning microscope 10 embodying the present invention. The basic operation of the confocal microscope is to form a small beam spot on the sample under examination, scan the beam spot in a raster fashion, and generate a visual display corresponding to the distribution of light emanating from the sample as the beam is scanned. Typically, the light of interest from the sample is either reflected light or fluorescent radiation of longer wavelength than that of the illuminating beam.

In a preferred embodiment, confocal microscope 10 is implemented as a retrofit accessory configured to couple to a conventional microscope 15 having an objective 16 so as to provide confocal scanning capability. The optical elements (including a detector) are located in a housing 17 disposed over the microscope, and electrical signals from the detector are communicated to a computer 18. Computer 18 buffers the incoming signal to store a frame and controls the scanning mechanism in the confocal microscope. With the addition of suitable synchronizing signals, the frame can be displayed on a monitor 20. The confocal accessory conveniently attaches to the camera port of the conventional microscope. The camera port is normally provided with an eyepiece, but alignment of the optical components is facilitated by providing an eyepiece in the accessory and removing the eyepiece from the conventional microscope.

FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional optical schematic of confocal microscope 10. Although specific dimensions are not part of the invention, they will be indicated for illustrative purposes. The proportions have been altered for the sake of clarity; in the preferred embodiment the unit is not cube-shaped but is elongated vertically.

A light source 22 such as an argon ion laser emits a beam that encounters an optical train comprising a beam splitter 23, a scanning optics assembly 25, an eyepiece 27, and objective 16 (not shown in FIG. 2). The objective focuses the beam to form the spot on the sample. Light emanating from the sample in the region of the spot passes along the same path (but in the reverse direction) as the incoming laser light until it reaches beam splitter 23, at which point it is directed to a detector 30 such as a photomultiplier tube. An iris diaphragm 31 (variable 0.7-7.0 mm) is disposed in front of the detector. The optical path from the scanning optics assembly to the detector is folded by means of a number of plane mirrors in order to provide a relatively long path length.

The optical train on the reverse path optionally includes a second beam splitter 32 which directs light through a second iris diaphragm 33 to a second detector 34. Such an arrangement makes it possible to perform dual channel fluorescence detection in the event that the emitted light is in two wavelength ranges (which may arise from two different fluorescent stains).

Scanning optics assembly 25 is shown in the three-dimensional rendering of FIG. 2 and in the plan schematic of FIG. 3. In the preferred embodiment, scanning optics assembly 25 comprises first and second plane mirrors 35a and 35b and an afocal assembly located optically therebetween. The afocal assembly comprises first and second concave mirrors 42a and 42b. The mirrors are disposed so that the incoming beam is subjected to four successive reflections, namely from mirrors 35a, 42a, 42b, and 35b, as will be explained in detail below.

Plane mirror 35a is normally disposed at an angle to the direction of the incoming beam and is rotatable about an axis 45a. Axis 45a lies in the plane of the reflective surface of plane mirror 35a and in the plane of FIG. 3. Thus, rotation of mirror 35a about axis 45a causes an angular scan of the beam into and out of the plane of FIG. 3. Plane mirror 35b is normally disposed at an angle to the direction of the outgoing beam and is rotatable about an axis 45b. Axis 45b lies in the plane of the reflective surface of plane mirror 35b and is perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 3. Thus rotation of mirror 35b about axis 45b causes a angular scan of the beam in the plane of FIG. 3. Plane mirrors 35a and 35b are driven by respective galvanometers 46a and 46b (shown in phantom) suitable for imparting angular displacements of about ±17.5° at the line and frame rates of 525 sec⁻¹ and 1 sec⁻¹.

Concave mirrors 42a and 42b face each other and function as a telescope for transferring the beam from plane mirror 35a to plane mirror 35b and thence to eyepiece 27. The concave mirrors may be spherioal, paraboloidal, or of another form. In the illustrative embodiment, the diameters are 50 mm and the focal lengths are 75 mm. There is no absolute requirement that the focal lengths of the two mirrors be equal, and indeed the use of different focal lengths provides degrees of freedom over the basic scan angles and the width of the beam at the eyepiece. Since the scanned beam only traces a narrow strip on each of the concave mirrors, the concave mirrors need not be circular in outline, but rather can be in the form of strips (length about 50 mm).

During operation of the microscope, the laser beam, which is collimated (or nearly so), falls sequentially on plane mirror 35a, concave mirror 42a, concave mirror 42b, and plane mirror 35b. The light reflected from concave mirror 42a is focused at an intermediate point, denoted 47, whose location varies as the scan angle of mirror 35a varies. The light then emerges from point 47 whereupon concave mirror 42b restores the beam to its collimated state and redirects it to plane mirror 35 where it reflects from a stationary region 48 along axis of rotation 45b. Thus, the beam has been scanned in two directions and the afocal assembly has operated to transfer the beam from the first scanning element to the second scanning element. The scanning optics assembly is located so that the exit pupil of microscope eyepiece 27 falls on the area of plane mirror 35b near axis 45b. In this way, the collimated beam emergent from the scanning assembly is coupled to eyepiece 27 and thence to objective 16, which focuses the beam to a small spot.

Light emanating from the sample includes reflected light, fluorescent light, and possibly light due to other processes. This light follows the path of the original beam though objective 16, eyepiece 27, and scanning assembly 25. The type of beam splitter 23 depends on the light that is intended to reach detector 30. If reflected light is the measurement of interest, a half-silvered mirror is used. If fluorescent light is to be viewed, a suitable dichroic reflector is used. The light then travels to detector 30. The function of iris diaphragm 31 is to limit the light reaching the detector to that emanating from points in the immediate vicinity of the beam spot. The ability of the aperture to perform this function depends on the angle that the aperture subtends. This angle is rendered small by using an optical lever. That is, the path length from the scanning optics assembly to the aperture is made large (about 1500 mm) by folding the beam path as described above.

The use of an iris diaphragm as an aperture is made possible by the fact that the beam is not brought to a focus on the aperture. Indeed, the beam is relatively wide (greater than 1 mm diameter) throughout the system except for point 47 between concave mirrors 42a and 42b. Compared to pinhole apertures, iris diaphragms are inexpensive and easy to align. Since the beam is collimated (or nearly so), and therefore is not brought to focus on the aperture, there is no need for any critical adjustment along the beam axis. An additional key feature, not available with pinholes, is adjustability. The user is able to trade resolution (depth of confocal volume) for sensitivity (amount of light) and thus achieve an optimized result.

In conclusion, it can be seen that the present invention employs a simple and efficient optical configuration that provides a high degree of spatial selectivity without resort to pinhole spatial filters and the like. In the preferred embodiment, where all the elements in the scanning assembly are reflectors, the system is free of chromatic aberrations. Moreover, since the scanning occurs in the accessory rather than at the sample (i.e., before magnification) the scanning elements may be fabricated to less precise tolerances than would otherwise be required, and the instrument is less sensitive to external vibrations.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment of the invention, various modifications, alternatives, and equivalents may be used. For example, a possible embodiment might utilize refractive telescopes to couple the beam between the scanning elements. Therefore, the above description and illustrations should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims. 

I claim:
 1. A confocal microscope wherein a light beam from a source travels along a forward path to a sample, and at least some light emanating from the sample travels on a return path to a detector, the forward and return paths having a common path segment, comprising:first and second scanning elements disposed in the common path segment, said first and second scanning elements being operable to scan the beam in respective first and second directions; means, disposed in the common path segment and between said second scanning element and the sample, for focusing the light beam to a small beam spot on or in the sample; an afocal optical assembly disposed in the common path segment and between said first and second scanning elements to direct the light beam from said first scanning element to said second scanning element and thence to said focusing means as the light travels on the forward path so that the beam spot traces a raster pattern on the sample; the beam on the portion of the return path between said first scanning element and the detector remaining substantially of the same diameter, said return path being characterized by the absence of pinhole spatial filters; and means defining an aperture having a diameter generally commensurate with the beam diameter, being located along said return path so that light emanating from the region of said beam spot passes through said aperture and reaches said detector; said focusing means being configured and the optical distance along said return path to said aperture being sufficiently long relative to the aperture diameter so that said aperture prevents light that emanates from points away from the region of said beam spot from reaching the detector, confocal operation thus being achieved without pinhole spatial filters.
 2. The confocal microscope of claim 1, and further comprising a beam splitter disposed in the beam between the source and said first scanning element in order to provide separate path segments for light from the source travelling toward the objective and light from the objective travelling toward the detector.
 3. The confocal microscope of claim 1 wherein said focusing means comprises:an eyepiece; and a microscope objective.
 4. A confocal microscope for providing an image of a sample, comprising:a light source; means for directing light from said source to along a forward path to the sample; means, disposed in said forward path, for focusing the light from said source so as to form a small beam spot normally located on or in the sample; a detector; scanning means for imparting relative motion between the sample and said beam spot so that said beam spot traces a pattern on or in said sample; means for directing at least some light that emanates from the region of said beam spot and that passes through said focusing means along a return path, said return path being characterized by the absence of pinhole spatial filters to said detector; and means defining an aperture disposed in said return path; said beam being generally collimated over a major portion of its travel along said return path and being characterized by a relatively constant diameter at least over the portion of said return path that is in the vicinity of said aperture; said aperture being generally commensurate with the diameter of said beam at said aperture; said focusing means being configured and said return path being substantially elongated so that said aperture operates to allow light emanating from the region of said beam spot to reach said detector while preventing light that emanates from points away from said beam spot from reaching said detector.
 5. The confocal microscope of claim 4 wherein said scanning means comprises means disposed in said forward path for deflecting said beam spot while maintaining the sample stationary.
 6. The confocal microscope of claim 5 wherein said forward and return paths include a common portion, and wherein said scanning means is disposed in said common portion.
 7. The confocal microscope of claim 6, and further comprising a beam splitter disposed in said forward and return paths to provide separate path segments for light travelling from said source toward said focusing means and light travelling from said focusing means toward said detector.
 8. The confocal microscope of claim 4 wherein said scanning means comprises:first and second scanning elements disposed in said forward beam path, said first and second scanning elements being operable to scan said beam in respective first and second directions; means, disposed in the path between said first and second scanning elements, for transferring said beam between said first and second scanning elements so that said spot traces a raster pattern on the sample.
 9. The confocal microscope of claim 4 wherein said aperture defining means comprises:an iris diaphragm having a maximum aperture at least commensurate with the beam diameter.
 10. The confocal microscope of claim 4 wherein said focusing means comprises:an eyepiece; and a microscope objective.
 11. The confocal microscope comprising:a light source for producing a generally collimated first beam of light along a forward path; means, disposed in said forward path, for scanning said first beam in respective first and second directions; an eyepiece positioned to accept said first beam as it emerges from said scanning means; an objective positioned to accept the light passing through said eyepiece and form a small beam spot, whereupon a portion of the light that emanates from the vicinity of said beam spot encounters said objective, said eyepiece, and said scanning means, and emerges as a generally collimated second beam; means for directing said second beam along a return path; a detector disposed in said return path; means defining an aperture disposed in said return path, said aperture being sized commensurate with said second beam to permit said second beam to reach said detector; said eyepiece and said objective being configured and said return path being sufficiently long relative to the size of said aperture so as to prevent light that emanates from points away from said beam spot from reaching said detector. 